The period embraced a molecular-to-mesoscale view of bone matrix formation, showing how collagen alignment, mineral nanointerfaces, and organic–inorganic coupling regulate nucleation, growth, and load transfer. Researchers combined full-atomistic modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and bioinspired scaffolds to reveal how nanoscale organization translates into mechanical behavior and informs biomaterial design. The emerging framework unified bone mechanics across scales and positioned protein–mineral interfaces as key determinants of bone quality.